PassProfessor’s Minnesota program is part of the expanding PassProfessor catalog. The 9,708-question Minnesota practice bank is built and audited, and enrollment opens as the catalog expands. Join the notify list and we will email you when enrollment opens — then use this guide to plan your path to the exam.
This program is part of the expanding PassProfessor catalog — join the notify list and we’ll email you when enrollment opens.
1. The Minnesota P&C exam, in one paragraph
The Minnesota Property & Casualty Producer examination is the licensing exam for Minnesota’s combined property and casualty producer authority, administered by PSI Services LLC for the Minnesota Department of Commerce. You will see 145 multiple-choice questions in 3 hours (180 minutes): 130 are scored — 100 on general insurance knowledge (50 property, 50 casualty) and 30 on Minnesota law — and 15 are unscored pretest questions you cannot identify. You pass with 70% correct. Minnesota is not a walk-in state: before you may test, you must complete 20 hours of approved pre-licensing education per line of authority — 40 hours for property and casualty together — and bring the paper completion certificate with you. Pass, submit fingerprints for a state and national background check, and apply to Commerce through Sircon within 36 months, and the license follows.
2. Who can take the Minnesota P&C exam?
Minnesota front-loads its requirements. Most of the gate is before the exam, not after it. To be licensed as a resident Property & Casualty Producer, you must:
- Be at least 18 years old.
- Complete the pre-licensing education requirement first. All first-time examination applicants must complete 20 hours of education per line of authority, as required in Minn. Stat. § 60K.36, subd. 4. Property is one line and casualty is another, so the combined P&C path means 40 hours of classes approved by the Commissioner of Commerce before attendance. A list of approved schools is available through Sircon’s Minnesota pages.
- Prove it on exam day. You must present a valid course completion certificate for the appropriate pre-licensing course when you check in — a paper copy, because PSI states that electronic copies will not be accepted. Your name on the certificate must match the name on the photo ID you test with and the name on your registration. Certificates do not expire, but if you arrive without the right paper certificate, you will not be able to test and your exam fee will be forfeited.
- Understand what happens if you test too early. PSI’s eligibility warning is unusually blunt: if you take the examination before you have completed the pre-licensing education requirements, your examination results will be invalid and you will have to retake the examination — even if you passed it. The sequence is not a suggestion.
- Submit fingerprints. Every producer applicant must provide a set of fingerprints to the Department of Commerce for a state and national fingerprint-based criminal-history record check, and sign a background-check authorization form. That process is covered in §5.
- Pass this exam and apply. After passing, you complete an electronic license application through Sircon within 36 months (see §6).
Exemptions from the education requirement. PSI lists the candidates who do not need the 20-hours-per-line course:
- Someone with a two-year Minnesota vocational school degree in insurance (bring an official certified original transcript — a photocopy or internet printout will not be accepted).
- Someone with a four-year college degree in business with an insurance emphasis (again, an official certified original transcript, with insurance listed as a major or minor).
- Property, casualty, or personal lines applicants holding one of these professional designations: AAI, ARM, CIC, or CPCU (bring an official current letter of good standing, no more than 30 days old, from the granting organization).
Two other eligibility routes appear in the bulletin. A candidate re-testing on the strength of an expired resident Minnesota producer license that expired more than a year ago, listing the lines being tested for, can use a copy of that license as eligibility documentation; and an applicant who was previously licensed for the same lines in another state and applies within 90 days after cancellation of that license may be exempt from both education and examination, documented with an original letter of clearance. Those are reinstatement and relocation paths, not the first-time path this guide is built around.
A note on what this guide does not claim: PSI’s bulletin requires the fingerprint-based background check, but it does not publish a list of specific disqualifying offenses in the sections governing this exam, so this guide names none. If your history raises a question, put it to the Department of Commerce directly — Licensing.Commerce@state.mn.us, 651-539-1599 — before spending money on courses or exams.
And a note about preparation products, including ours: the education requirement must be satisfied by a Commerce-approved provider, whose certificate admits you to the exam. PassProfessor is exam preparation only — no education credit, no part of the 40 hours, no affiliation with Commerce or PSI. You need the approved course and a passing score; this program exists for the second of those.
3. The exam, piece by piece
The combined exam is a single sitting built from PSI’s Minnesota content outline. It has three content blocks: property general knowledge, casualty general knowledge, and a Minnesota Specific block that tests state law only. Minnesota also offers separate Property Producer and Casualty Producer exams (2 hours each) for candidates seeking a single line; the combined Property & Casualty Producer exam covers both lines in one 3-hour sitting, and you must pass all parts of the property and casualty examinations to be issued the joint license, as PSI puts it.
| Part / section | Scored questions | What it covers |
|---|---|---|
| General knowledge — Property | 50 | |
| I. Types of Policies | 22 | Homeowners, dwelling policies, commercial lines, inland marine, the National Flood Insurance Program, and other property forms — what each covers and excludes |
| II. Insurance Terms and Related Concepts | 15 | Insurance, insurable interest, risk, hazard, peril, loss and loss valuation, proximate cause, deductible, indemnity, limits, coinsurance, occurrence, cancellation and nonrenewal, vacancy, liability, negligence, binders, endorsements, blanket vs. specific coverage |
| III. Policy Provisions and Contract Law | 13 | Declarations, insuring agreement, conditions, exclusions, definition of the insured, duties of the insured, insurer obligations, mortgagee rights, proof of loss, notice of claim, appraisal, subrogation, the elements of a contract, warranties/representations/concealment, underwriting information sources, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, privacy protection, the policy application, TRIA |
| General knowledge — Casualty | 50 | |
| I. Types of Policies, Bonds, and Related Terms | 23 | Commercial general liability, personal and business auto, workers’ compensation and employers liability, crime, bonds, professional liability, umbrella and excess liability |
| II. Insurance Terms and Related Concepts | 15 | Risk, hazards, indemnity, insurable interest, loss valuation, negligence, liability, occurrence, binders, warranties, representations, concealment, deposit premium/audit, certificates of insurance, the law of large numbers, pure vs. speculative risk, endorsements, damages, Fair Credit Reporting Act compliance |
| III. Policy Provisions | 12 | Declarations, insuring agreement, conditions, exclusions and limitations, definition of the insured, duties after a loss, cancellation and nonrenewal provisions, supplementary payments, proof of loss, notice of claim, arbitration, other insurance, subrogation, loss settlement including consent to settle, TRIA |
| Minnesota Specific | 30 | |
| I. Minnesota Laws, Rules, and Regulations Common to Life, Health, Property, and Casualty Insurance | 20 | Powers and Duties of the Commissioner; Definitions; Licensing and Appointments; Trade Practices; Guaranty Association |
| II. Minnesota Laws, Rules, and Regulations Pertinent to Property Insurance Only | 5 | Definition of Adjusters; Minnesota Standard Fire Policy; FAIR Plan; Homeowners; Binders |
| III. Minnesota Laws, Rules, and Regulations Pertinent to Casualty Insurance Only | 5 | Automobile Insurance — including the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act, the Minnesota Automobile Insurance Plan, renewal/nonrenewal/cancellation, surcharge disclosure, auto stacking, and comparative negligence — and Workers’ Compensation |
| Total scored | 130 | Plus 15 unscored pretest questions = 145 on screen |
Three structural facts that shape how you should prepare:
- The two Types of Policies sections carry 45 of the 100 general questions. Policy forms — homeowners, dwelling, commercial property, personal and commercial auto, CGL, umbrella, flood — are the exam’s center of gravity on both halves.
- Minnesota law is 30 of 130 scored questions — 23% of the exam — and two-thirds of it is the common section. Twenty of the 30 Minnesota questions come from the laws common to all lines: what the Commissioner can do, how licensing and appointments work, which trade practices are prohibited, and what the Guaranty Association does. The property-only and casualty-only sections are 5 questions each — small, but built from short, concrete topic lists (the Standard Fire Policy and FAIR Plan on one side; no-fault auto and workers’ compensation on the other) that reward direct study.
- PSI does not publish per-topic counts inside the Minnesota sections. The outline publishes the 20 / 5 / 5 section totals and lists the topics under each; it does not say how many of the 20 common questions fall on the Commissioner versus trade practices. Anyone who shows you an exact per-topic scored count for Minnesota law is showing you an allocation, not a published weight. Study the whole list.
Pretest questions. In addition to the scored items in the outline, PSI administers a small number of experimental questions — its bulletin gives a range of 5 to 15 — that are not scored but do count against your examination time. On the combined exam the total on screen is 145, so plan for the full 15. They are indistinguishable from scored questions and exist so PSI can evaluate items for future exams; the only correct strategy is to treat every question as scored.
4. The passing standard, explained
You pass with 70% correct.
Minnesota’s standard, as PSI states it in the bulletin, is direct: “You will need 70% correct to pass the exam.” There is no scaled-score conversion to decode on this exam the way there is in some other states — the figure PSI publishes is a percentage of correct answers across the scored questions, and the scored questions are the 130 in the outline above, not the 145 you will see.
What you receive:
- Your result at the end of the sitting. Your score is displayed on screen when the examination ends, and a score report is emailed to you.
- Diagnostics if you do not pass. The emailed score report for a failing candidate includes a diagnostic report indicating your strengths and weaknesses by examination type — the starting point for a retake plan, and the reason §9 below is organized by outline section.
- A duplicate-report route. If you need another copy of your score report, PSI directs candidates to request one by email at scorereport@psionline.com.
One calibration note: neither PSI’s Minnesota bulletin nor the Department of Commerce pages read for this guide publish a pass rate for this exam, so this guide quotes none. What the outline itself shows is an exam weighted toward concrete, learnable material — policy forms, defined terms, and a 30-question block of Minnesota statutes and institutions — precisely the kind of test preparation moves.
5. Fees and registration, step by step
Keep the payments separate in your mind — they go to different places at different times, and two of them are easy to confuse.
| Payment | Amount | Paid to | When |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-licensing education (40 hours for P&C) | Tuition set by the approved provider | Your Commerce-approved education provider | Before the exam — the certificate admits you |
| Exam fee | $45 | PSI | When you schedule your appointment |
| Electronic fingerprinting at a PSI site | $66.75 | Paid at the test site (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover) | Recommended on exam day |
| Manual fingerprinting alternative | Facility’s processing fee + $35 check | The fingerprinting facility, then the Minnesota Department of Commerce by mail | If you use a police station or similar facility instead |
| License application | $50 per line of authority (property and casualty are separate lines), plus a technology surcharge | The State of Minnesota, via Sircon | After you pass |
Examination fees are not refundable or transferable, and PSI adds a trap worth knowing: your exam fee is forfeited if you do not test within one year of the date PSI receives it.
The sequence, in order:
- Complete your pre-licensing education. Forty approved hours for the combined P&C path — 20 for property, 20 for casualty — and collect the signed course completion certificate(s). Keep the paper originals safe; you will present them in person.
- Create your PSI account and schedule. The fastest route is PSI’s Minnesota portal at test-takers.psiexams.com/mnins: create an account (the first and last name must match your current, valid, government-issued ID exactly), then choose your format — test center or remote proctored — and book a date and time. Telephone scheduling is available at (866) 395-1006 with a credit card; PSI lists its registrars’ hours as Monday–Friday 8:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m. and Saturday–Sunday 8:30 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern Time.
- Reschedule early if you must. You may cancel and reschedule without forfeiting your fee if your cancellation notice is received 2 days before the scheduled examination date — for a Monday appointment, that means the previous Saturday. Use the PSI website or speak directly to a customer service representative: PSI states that a voicemail or email message is not an acceptable form of cancellation.
- Sit the exam — test-center and remote details are in §7. Bring the paper course completion certificate(s) and your ID; missing either one forfeits the appointment and the fee.
- Get fingerprinted. PSI strongly recommends electronic fingerprinting at one of its Minnesota sites, during regular testing hours, on the day of your examination — you sign the background-check consent form, the prints are forwarded electronically to the review agencies, and you pay the $66.75 fee at the site. Failure to be fingerprinted on exam day will delay licensing. The manual alternative is any local police station or similar facility with manual fingerprinting capability: the facility charges its own processing fee, hands the fingerprint card back to you (do not fold it), and you mail it with the fully completed Resident Insurance Producer/Insurance Adjuster/Real Estate Appraiser License Background Check Consent Form and a $35 check payable to “Minnesota Department of Commerce” to the address in the bulletin. One timing rule governs both routes: the signed authorization expires one year after it is signed, so if more than a year passes between fingerprinting and applying, you will be fingerprinted again and pay another fee.
- Apply for the license — after passing. Complete the electronic application at www.sircon.com/minnesota, with the $50-per-line application fee and the technology surcharge (the statute authorizes a surcharge of up to $40; the exact current amount is confirmed at application). Minn. Stat. § 60K.55 sets the producer fee at $50 for an initial property license and $50 for an initial casualty license.
- Get appointed. You may hold a producer license before any company appoints you, but an appointment is required in order to transact business in Minnesota (Minn. Stat. § 60K.49). Appointments and terminations are submitted electronically by the appointing insurance company.
6. After you pass
- Your clock is 36 months. PSI states the rule directly: insurance producer license candidates must have submitted a completed application within thirty-six (36) months after the examination is passed. That is a generous window by national standards — but it interacts with the fingerprint rule below, so generous is not the same as ignorable.
- Watch the one-year fingerprint consent. Even inside the 36-month application window, your background-check authorization expires one year after signing. An application filed in month 14 on fingerprints taken on exam day means a second fingerprinting and a second fee. The practical move is to apply promptly after passing, while the consent and prints from exam day are still live.
- The license term. Under Minn. Stat. § 60K.55, initial producer licenses are valid for a period not to exceed 24 months and expire on October 31 of the renewal year assigned by the Commissioner; renewals run 24 months, at $50 per line plus the technology surcharge, per the Department of Commerce.
- Your score arrives immediately. Because your result is displayed on screen and your report is emailed, there is no waiting period between passing and starting the application — the only reason to delay is your own, and the fingerprint clock argues against it.
7. Retakes and score validity
- Retakes. You cannot book a new appointment on the same day you tested — PSI needs the processing and reporting time. Beyond that, the bulletin is permissive and gives its own example: a candidate who tests unsuccessfully on a Wednesday can call the next day, Thursday, and retest as soon as Friday, depending on space availability. Rebook online through the Minnesota portal or by phone at (866) 395-1006. The $45 exam fee applies to each attempt; Minnesota law likewise provides that a candidate who fails, or does not appear, must reapply and pay the required fees again before being rescheduled.
- Do not retest on the same preparation. Your failing score report’s diagnostics break your performance down by examination type. Map them to the outline in §3, rebuild the weak sections, and confirm the repair on full-length practice before you pay for another sitting.
- Score validity. A passing score supports a license application for 36 months from the date you pass — the application deadline in §6 is the validity period. After that window the pass no longer gets you licensed.
- Missed appointments. You forfeit your exam fee if you do not cancel at least 2 days ahead, do not appear, are not checked in by your scheduled start time, arrive without paper copies of your course completion certificate(s), or do not present proper identification at check-in.
8. Test day
At a test center:
- Arrive 15 minutes before your appointment. PSI allows that time for sign-in, identification, and familiarizing yourself with the process — and warns that if you arrive late, you may not be admitted and will forfeit your registration fee.
- Bring one form of identification. It must match the name you scheduled with and contain your signature and photo, and be valid and unexpired. PSI’s accepted list: a state-issued driver’s license, a state-issued identification card, a U.S. government-issued passport, a U.S. government-issued military ID (not allowed for remote testing), a U.S. government-issued alien registration card, or Canadian government-issued ID. If you are renewing a driver’s license, the expired clipped license together with the DMV renewal receipt is accepted. And bring the paper course completion certificate(s) — see §2; they are as mandatory as the ID.
- Centers. PSI lists Minnesota examination centers in Blaine, Brainerd, Duluth, Eagan, Mankato, Rochester, Saint Paul, Willmar, and Woodbury, and notes that its centers in other regions of the United States can also administer the examination.
- Security is strict, and PSI says so. No reference materials, no electronic devices of any type (phones, cameras, laptops, tablets, earbuds, smart watches, handheld calculators, and more), no hats or headgear not worn for religious reasons, no bulky or loose outer clothing, and no other personal items — backpacks, purses, wallets, food, drinks, gum, pens, or paper — within your reach or line of sight. Expect to empty and turn out your pockets, and to have eyeglass frames and similar items inspected. Guests may not wait in the examination center or on its property. Once seated, you may leave the room only for the restroom and only with the proctor’s permission, with no extra time. You may be given scratch paper and a pencil, which you return at check-out.
- The sitting itself. The exam is administered by computer, one question at a time, with minutes remaining displayed at the top of the screen; you can return to earlier questions and change answers while time remains. A tutorial of up to 15 minutes runs before the exam and does not count against your 3 hours, and it includes sample questions. You can also flag comments on individual questions through the Comments link while testing — PSI reviews substantive comments but does not respond to individuals.
By remote online proctoring:
- You launch the test through your PSI account within 30 minutes of your booked time, and PSI warns that not starting within 15 minutes after your booked time forfeits your fee or eligibility. Run PSI’s compatibility check — audio/video, webcam, and system — before test day; PSI’s technical support line for launch problems is (844) 267-1017.
- Remote rules differ from the centers in ways that matter: breaks are not allowed during remote examinations, scratch paper is not allowed, you may not change computers or spaces mid-exam, your webcam must give the proctor an ideal view, and the proctor can direct you to keep your hands on the desktop and your eyes on the screen. Presenting your course completion certificate happens to the remote proctor — the certificate requirement does not go away because the room is yours.
- Under no circumstances may you screenshot or photograph the exam or your results, in either format.
Pace. One hundred forty-five questions in 180 minutes is about 74 seconds per question — more forgiving than many licensing exams, but only if you use the return-and-change facility deliberately instead of stalling on hard items early. Answer what you know, flag what you do not, and spend the surplus at the end.
9. How to study for this exam
The outline is the syllabus. PSI publishes exactly what the exam covers and how the scored questions divide, and a plan built on that structure beats a plan built on a generic textbook’s table of contents.
- Sequence your study around the education requirement. Your 40 approved hours come first in calendar time — PSI will not count a pass earned before them. Use those hours to learn the material, and use dedicated practice to convert it: the certificate exam at the end of a course is not a rehearsal for PSI’s 145-question sitting, and treating it as one is the most common planning error in requirement states.
- Start Minnesota law earlier than feels necessary. Thirty questions — 23% of the exam — are Minnesota Specific, and 20 of them come from the common section alone: the Commissioner’s powers and duties, definitions, licensing and appointments, trade practices, and the Guaranty Association. These are concrete facts — who does what, in how many days, with what consequence — and they reward spaced repetition better than any other block on the exam.
- Give the two Types of Policies sections their combined weight. At 45 of 100 general questions, policy forms decide the general half: homeowners and dwelling forms, commercial property and liability, personal and business auto, workers’ compensation and employers liability, crime, bonds, professional liability, umbrella/excess, inland marine, and flood. Learn them comparatively — what each form covers, what it excludes, and how it pays a loss — because the exam tests the boundaries between forms more than the forms themselves.
- Learn terms inside questions, not off a list. The two Terms and Related Concepts sections carry 30 general questions and test vocabulary through scenarios: proximate cause, coinsurance, subrogation, binders, endorsements. A definition you have only read is fragile; a definition you have used to eliminate three wrong answers is not.
- Drill the small Minnesota sections to certainty. The property-only five (Standard Fire Policy, FAIR Plan, homeowners rules, adjuster definitions, binders) and the casualty-only five (no-fault auto in its several forms — the No-Fault Act, the Automobile Insurance Plan, stacking, surcharge disclosure, renewal and cancellation — plus workers’ compensation and comparative negligence) are short lists. Ten scored questions drawn from lists this finite are the closest thing on the exam to guaranteed yield for focused study.
- Practice at full length, against the clock. 145 questions in 180 minutes is a pacing skill separate from knowledge. Full generated practice exams at the real weights — 50 property, 50 casualty, 30 Minnesota — build both; short quizzes build only one.
- Read every explanation, especially for questions you got right. A right answer reached by a wrong reason is a wrong answer waiting for a differently worded question. On a 70%-correct exam with a diagnostic score report as your only official feedback, explanation-driven practice is how you find those before PSI does.
This program’s Minnesota practice bank (9,708 questions, including 2,214 on Minnesota law) is built section-by-section on this same outline, with an explanation on every question. The Minnesota Insurance Exam Prep program page shows the full coverage table — and the notify list there will email you when enrollment opens. Like every PassProfessor state program — 478,523 questions across 50 states — it is preparation only: no education credit, and no substitute for Minnesota’s required approved course.
10. Frequently asked questions
How many questions are on the Minnesota P&C exam?
145 questions appear on screen in 3 hours. 130 are scored — 50 property general knowledge, 50 casualty general knowledge, and 30 Minnesota Specific — and 15 are unscored pretest questions mixed in so candidates cannot tell them apart.
What is the passing score for the Minnesota insurance exam?
70% correct, as PSI states it in the Minnesota bulletin. Your score is displayed on screen at the end of the exam and your score report is emailed to you.
Does Minnesota require pre-licensing education for a P&C license?
Yes — 20 hours of approved pre-licensing education per line of authority, so 40 hours for property and casualty together, under Minn. Stat. § 60K.36, subd. 4. You must complete it before testing and present the paper course completion certificate at check-in; testing before completing it invalidates your results even if you pass. Exemptions exist for certain Minnesota insurance and business degrees and for P&C applicants holding the AAI, ARM, CIC, or CPCU designation.
How much does the Minnesota P&C exam cost?
The exam fee is $45, paid to PSI when you schedule. Electronic fingerprinting at a PSI site is $66.75, paid at the site. The license application after you pass is $50 per line of authority, plus a technology surcharge, paid through Sircon. Your approved pre-licensing course tuition is separate and set by the provider.
How do I register for the Minnesota insurance exam?
Create an account and book at PSI’s Minnesota portal, test-takers.psiexams.com/mnins, or call (866) 395-1006. You choose a test center or remote proctoring when you book, and your account name must match your government-issued ID exactly.
Can I take the Minnesota insurance exam online?
Yes. PSI offers this exam both at its test centers and by remote online proctoring. The remote format has its own rules — no breaks, no scratch paper, a pre-test compatibility check, and a hard start deadline — so read §8 before choosing it.
What do I do after I pass the Minnesota P&C exam?
Apply for your license electronically through Sircon (www.sircon.com/minnesota) within 36 months of passing, with the per-line fee, and make sure your fingerprints are on file — ideally taken at the PSI site on exam day. An insurer appointment, filed electronically by the company, is then required before you transact business.
How long is my Minnesota exam score valid?
Thirty-six months — the same window Minnesota gives you to submit your completed license application. Note the separate one-year clock on your fingerprint background-check consent.
If I fail, how soon can I retake the Minnesota exam?
Not the same day — but PSI’s own example is a candidate who fails on Wednesday, calls Thursday, and retests as soon as Friday, space permitting. The $45 fee applies to each attempt, and your emailed score report includes diagnostics by examination type to aim the next attempt.
Do I need to be fingerprinted to get a Minnesota insurance license?
Yes. All producer applicants must submit fingerprints to the Department of Commerce for a state and national fingerprint-based criminal-history check. PSI strongly recommends electronic fingerprinting at a Minnesota PSI site on exam day ($66.75 at the site); the manual police-station route costs the facility’s fee plus a $35 check to the Department of Commerce.
What Minnesota-specific topics does the exam cover?
The 30-question Minnesota Specific section covers laws common to all lines (the Commissioner’s powers and duties, definitions, licensing and appointments, trade practices, the Guaranty Association), property-only rules (the Minnesota Standard Fire Policy, the FAIR Plan, homeowners, binders, the definition of adjusters), and casualty-only rules (automobile insurance — including the No-Fault Act, the Automobile Insurance Plan, stacking, surcharge disclosure, and renewal/cancellation — workers’ compensation, and comparative negligence).
Is the Property & Casualty exam one test or two?
One combined sitting: the Property & Casualty Producer examination, 3 hours, one result at 70% correct. Minnesota also offers separate 2-hour Property Producer and Casualty Producer exams for single-line candidates, but the combined exam covers both lines at once.
Does PassProfessor count toward my 40 hours?
No. PassProfessor is exam preparation only and provides no education credit in any state. Minnesota’s 20-hours-per-line requirement must be completed with a Commerce-approved provider, and its paper certificate is what PSI requires at check-in. This program prepares you for the exam itself.
Disclaimer
PassProfessor is an independent exam-preparation provider and is not affiliated with the Minnesota Department of Commerce, PSI Services LLC, or any state agency or exam vendor. This guide is general information about the Minnesota licensing exam, current as of October 2026; Department of Commerce and PSI publications govern if anything here differs from them.